Power System Analysis - Essentials

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS ESSENTIALS - TRAINING COURSE OUTLINE

POWER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS

• Introduction
• Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain
• Resistor
• Inductor
• Capacitor
• Complex Impedance

THREE-PHASE POWER

• Introduction
• Balanced Delta-Connected Loads
• Balanced Wye-Connected Loads
• Summary
• Unbalanced Delta-Connected Loads
• Unbalanced Wye-Connected Loads
• Summary

POWER SUBSTATION CONFIGURATION

FUNCTIONS OF A SUBSTATION

• Introduction
• Voltage Transformation – Function 1
• Circuit Switching – Function 2
• Voltage Regulation – Function 3
• VAR Control – Function 4
• System Protection – Function 5

RADIAL SYSTEMS

• Introduction
• Simple Radial Systems
• Expanded Radial Systems
• Single-Ended Unit Substations

LOOP SYSTEMS

• Primary Loop Systems
• Secondary Loop Systems

SELECTIVE SYSTEMS

• Primary Selective Systems
• Secondary Selective Systems
• Combined Selective Systems
• Double-Ended Unit Substations

POWER SYSTEM DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS

• Design Consideration
• Standards and Codes
• One-Line Diagram
• Power System Analysis

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

VOLTAGE CONSIDERATIONS

SYSTEM VOLTAGE CLASSES

• Low Voltages
• Medium Voltages
• High, Extra-High, and Ultra-High Voltages

SYSTEM VOLTAGE TERMINOLOGY

• System Voltages
• Nominal System Voltages
• Maximum System Voltages
• Service Voltages
• Nominal Utilization Voltages

TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

• Two-Wire
• Three-Wire
• Four-Wire

TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE REGULATION

• Transformer Model
• Transformer Ratios and Relationships
• Transformer No-Load Tap Chargers

EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE VARIATIONS

• Motors
• Lighting
• Miscellaneous

POWER FACTOR FUNDAMENTALS

• Definitions of Power Factor
• Leading and Lagging Power Factors
• Typical Plant Power Factors
• Induction Motor Characteristics

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION SOURCES

• Capacitors

BENEFITS OF CAPACITOR POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

• Introduction
• Utility Power Costs
• Release of Power System Capacity
• Current Decrease
• System Voltage Increase

CAPACITOR BANK LOCATIONS

• Introduction
• Motor Bus
• Group Installations
• Utility Bus

CAPACITOR BANK CONCERNS

• Self-Excitation Overvoltage
• Transient Torques
• Harmonics

CAPACITOR RATINGS

• Voltage Ratings
• Current Ratings
• Discharge Requirements
• Kilovar Ratings

CALCULATION PROCEDURES

• General
• Step 1: Existing Power Triangle
• Step 2: New Power Triangle
• Step 3: Needed Power Triangle
• Step 4: Selected Power Triangle

EXERCISES

• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• Exercise 3

LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER CHARACTERISTICS

MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS (MCCBS)

• Introduction
• MCCB Types
• Thermal Element TCC Curves
• Magnetic (Instantaneous) Element TCC Curves
• Coordination Criteria
• Electronic CB – Trip Functions
• Electronic CB – TCC Curves
• Summary

LOW VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERS

• Introduction
• Summary
• Coordination Criteria

FUSE CHARACTERISTICS

LOW VOLTAGE FUSES

• Introduction
• Non-Time Delay (Single-Element) Fuses
• Time Delay (Dual-Element) Fuses
• General Characteristics
• Current Limiting Characteristics
• Fuse Coordination Criteria

POWER FUSES

• Types of Medium Voltage Power Fuses
• TCC Curves
• Coordination Criteria

GROUNDING

SYSTEM GROUNDING

• Introduction
• Ungrounded System
• Solid Grounding
• High Resistance Grounding
• Low Resistance Grounding
• Inductance Grounded
• Ground Fault DetectionMethods

EQUIPMENT GROUNDING

• Introduction

SHORT CIRCUIT THEORY AND TERMINOLOGY

PURPOSES OF FAULT CALCULATIONS

• Introduction
• Basic Theory

TYPES OF FAULTS/MAGNITUDES

• Three-Phase Faults
• Phase-to-Phase Faults
• Phase-to-Ground
• Arcing Faults
• Overloads

EFFECTS OF SHORT CIRCUITS

• Arcing and Burning
• Current Flow
• Thermal Stress
• Mechanical Stress
• Voltage Drop

OVERCURRENT COORDINATION FUNDAMENTALS

GENERAL PROCEDURES

• Introduction
• One-Line Diagrams
• Scale Selection Procedures
• Plotting of Fixed Points (Curves)
• Protective Device Plotting/Tracing
• Selection of Ratings and Settings
• Analysis of the Coordination Study

DATA REQUIREMENTS

• Power Company Settings
• Transformer Data
• Motor Data
• Load Data
• Fault Currents Available
• Conductor Data
• Protective Device Data

Time Current Curves – Over Current Coordination

COMPONENT AND EQUIPMENT PROTECTION

• Overview
• Component Protection
• Conductor protection
• Transformer protection
• AC induction Motor Protection
• Transfer Switches
• Generator Protection

ARC FLASH ANALYSIS - OVERVIEW

• Electrical Hazards
• Electrical Accidents – Factors
• Electrical shock
• Arc Flash
• Standards and Codes
• Fault Current Calculations
• Analysis Process
• Flash Protection Boundary Calculations
• Preparing twork safely
• Practical Solutions for Reducing Arc Flash Hazard

COURSE SCHEDULE

Both Days

Start: 10 am Eastern Time

Finish: 4:30 pm Eastern Time