Protection Of Distribution System
Continuing Education Units (CEUs) Now Offered
Successful completion of this course qualifies delegates to receive a certificate of course completion with indicated CEUs. CEUs are granted by the Engineering Institute of Canada. One CEU is equivalent to 10 professional development hours of instruction.
The following course earns 1.4 CEUs.
Fault Calculations On Power Distribution Systems
Part I: General
Introduction
- Definition of a Distribution System
- Functional Classification of a Distribution System
- Utility Distribution vs. Utilization
Types Of Faults
Nature Of Faults
- Transient Faults
- Permanent Faults
Equipment To Be Protected
Overcurrent Protective Devices
Requirements Of Protective Devices
Magnitude Of Faults
Components Of Fault Current
Part II: Short Circuit Calculations
Introduction
General Procedure For Short Circuit Calculations
The Ohmic Method (with examples)
The Per-unit Method (with examples)
The Per-centage Method (with examples)
Impedance Tables And Summary Of Formulae
Fuses For Distribution System
Expulsion Fuses (Cutouts)
- Theory of Operation
- Fuse Link Material
- Time-current Characteristics (TCC)
- Speed Ratio
- Adjustment for Pre-loading and Ambient
- Cutout Ratings
Current Limiting Fuses
- Construction
- Theory of Operation
- Applications of Current Limiting Fuses
- Current Limitation
Power Fuses
- Construction
- Theory of Operation
- Interrupting Ratings
Protection Of Distribution Transformers
General
Fusing Ratio
Use Of Expulsion Fuses
Use Of Current Limiting Fuses
Connection Of CL Fuses
Transformer Protection As Per The CEC
Protection Of Distribution Lines
Cutouts And Fuses
- Ratings
- Selection Criteria
- Normal and Overcurrent Requirements
- Burn Down Characteristics
- Coordination with Similar Fuse Links
- Coordination with Different Types of Fuses
Circuit Reclosers
- Types
- Ratings
- Operation
- Coordination with Fuses
- Coordination with Breakers
- Coordination with Other Reclosers
Sectionalizers
Protection Of Main Distribution Feeders
Operational Requirements
Overcurrent And Instantaneous Relays
Relay Connections
Relay Settings
Transformer Secondary Breakers
Total Coordination Scheme
Protection Of Substation Transformers
Transformer Secondary Faults
Transformer Primary Fusing
- Ratings
- Protection Criteria
- Fuse Selection
- Coordination with Down-Stream Protective Devices
- Coordination with Up-Stram Protective Devices
Overvoltages
Sources Of Overvoltages
Lighting
- Lightning Waves
- Voltage Waves for Equipment Testing
Capacitor Switching
Ferroresonance
- Causes of Ferroresonance
- Results of Ferroresonance
- How to Avoid Ferroresonance
Single Phase Switching Of Three Phase Loads
System Faults
Lighting (Surge) Arresters
- Types
- Characteristics
- Classes
- Voltage Rating
- Margin of Protection
- Arrester Connections
- Arrester Applications
Cable Limiters
General
Ratings Of Cable Limiters
Effect Of Limiters On Fault Current
- Reduction of Magnetic Forces
- Reduction of Thermal Energy
Current Limitation Charts
Applications Of Cable Limiters
- Residential
- Commercial/Industrial
Faulted Circuit Indicators
General
Types
Application Considerations
- Inrush Current
- Trip Rating
- Cold Load Pick-up
- Conductor Diameter
- Time-Current Characteristics
- Proximity Effect
- Submersible Units
- Use on concentric Neutral Cables
ABOUT THE FORUM LEADERS
Dr. Wallas Khella, P.Eng.
W. H. Khella Enterprises
Dr. Wallas Khella obtained his Ph.D. in Germany in 1962. He worked for 13 years at The Suez Oil Refinery in Egypt and then at Hydro Mississauga and Etobicoke Hydro for 25 years in Canada.
In 1994, he retired from Etobicoke Hydro as Manager of the Distribution Planning and Design Department and established his own consulting company (W. H. Khella Enterprises).
His academic background and long career with Hydro Utilities gave him an in-depth understanding of the theory and practical experience necessary for the proper system design, equipment applications and protection requirements.
Wallas served on several committees of the UECC, MEA, CSA and lectured many courses for IEEE, U of T and other organizations in Canada and overseas.
Wallas is a registered Professional Engineer in Ontario, a senior member of IEEE, a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada and a recipient of IEEE Millennium Medal for outstanding services.
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